“History shows that 3% returns or worse only come when something very, very bad has occurred,” Colas said. “While we are relying on press accounts of Goldman’s research, we have read nothing that outlines what crisis their researchers are envisioning. Without one, it is very difficult to square their conclusion with almost a century of historical data.“

Because of the way Wall Street research is distributed and controlled, not everyone is able to access every report, including experts who may be asked to respond to them.

Goldman shared the report with TKer. Regarding the issue Colas flagged, Goldman does discuss those catalysts but actually highlights them as periods when their forecasting model failed.

That said, very bad things have happened in the past, and they could happen again in the future. And those events could cause stock market returns to be poor.

“Forecasting one form of economic disaster or another over the next 10 years is not much of a reach; you will be hard-pressed to think of any decade where some economic calamity or another didn’t befall the global economy,” Barry Ritholtz of Ritholtz Wealth Management wrote. “But that’s a very different discussion than 3% annually for 10 years.”

This leads me to my conclusion: It is very difficult to predict with any accuracy what will happen in the next 10 years. Goldman makes a point of this in their report. There are good cases to be made for weak returns as well as strong returns as argued by Yardeni and Colas.

Who will be right? We’ll only know in hindsight.

Generally speaking, I’m of the mind that the stock market usually goes up because we have a capitalist system that’s great at generating earnings growth, and earnings are the most important long-term driver of stock prices. And history shows there’s never been a challenge the economy and stock market couldn’t overcome. After all, the long game is undefeated.

“I have no idea what the next decade will bring in terms of S&P 500 returns, but neither does anyone else,” Ritholtz said. “I do believe that the economic gains we are going to see in technology justify higher market prices. I just don’t know how much higher; my sneaking suspicion is one percent real returns over the next 10 years is way too conservative.”

There were a few notable data points and macroeconomic developments from last week to consider:

Card spending data is holding up. From JPMorgan: “As of 15 Oct 2024, our Chase Consumer Card spending data (unadjusted) was 1.5% above the same day last year. Based on the Chase Consumer Card data through 15 Oct 2024, our estimate of the U.S. Census October control measure of retail sales m/m is 0.69%.“

From BofA: “Total card spending per HH was up 1.9% y/y in the week ending Oct 19, according to BAC aggregated credit & debit card data. Spending growth has recovered in the sectors that were most impacted by Hurricane Milton, e.g. clothing, furniture & transit. Even beyond these sectors, we saw broad-based increases in spending growth in the week ending Oct 19.“

Unemployment claims tick lower. Initial claims for unemployment benefits declined to 227,000 during the week ending October 19, down from 242,000 the week prior. This metric continues to be at levels historically associated with economic growth.

Consumer vibes improve. From the University of Michigan’s October Surveys of Consumers: “Consumer sentiment lifted for the third consecutive month, inching up to its highest reading since April 2024. Sentiment is now more than 40% above the June 2022 trough. This month’s increase was primarily due to modest improvements in buying conditions for durables, in part due to easing interest rates.”

Home sales fall. Sales of previously owned homes decreased by 1% in September to an annualized rate of 3.84 million units. From NAR chief economist Lawrence Yun: “There are more inventory choices for consumers, lower mortgage rates than a year ago and continued job additions to the economy. Perhaps, some consumers are hesitating about moving forward with a major expenditure like purchasing a home before the upcoming election.”

Home prices cooled. Prices for previously owned homes declined from last month’s levels, but they remain elevated. From the NAR: “The median existing-home price for all housing types in September was $404,500, up 3.0% from one year ago ($392,700). All four U.S. regions registered price increases.”

New home sales rise. Sales of newly built homes jumped 4.1% in September to an annualized rate of 738,000 units.

Mortgage rates tick higher. According to Freddie Mac, the average 30-year fixed-rate mortgage rose to 6.54%, up from 6.44% last week. From Freddie Mac: “The continued strength in the economy drove mortgage rates higher once again this week. Over the last few years, there has been a tension between downbeat economic narrative and incoming economic data stronger than that narrative. This has led to higher-than-normal volatility in mortgage rates, despite a strengthening economy.”

There are 146 million housing units in the U.S., of which 86 million are owner-occupied and 39% of which are mortgage-free. Of those carrying mortgage debt, almost all have fixed-rate mortgages, and most of those mortgages have rates that were locked in before rates surged from 2021 lows. All of this is to say: Most homeowners are not particularly sensitive to movements in home prices or mortgage rates.

Offices remain relatively empty. From Kastle Systems: “Peak day office occupancy on Tuesday fell seven tenths of a point last week to 60.7%. Most of the 10 tracked cities experienced lower peak day occupancy than the previous week, likely due to the federal holiday on Monday. Los Angeles had its highest single day of occupancy since the pandemic, up 1.9 points from the previous Tuesday to 56.3%. The average low across all 10 cities was on Friday at 31.9%, down eight tenths of a point from the previous week.“

CEOs are less optimistic. The Conference Board’s CEO Confidence index in Q4 2024 signaled cooling optimism. From The Conference Board’s Dana Peterson: “CEO optimism continued to fade in Q4, as leaders of large firms expressed lower confidence in the outlook for their own industries. Views about the economy overall—both now and six months hence — were little changed from Q3. However, CEOs’ assessments of current conditions in their own industries declined.

Moreover, the balance of expectations regarding conditions in their own industries six months from now deteriorated substantially in Q4 compared to last quarter. Most CEOs indicated no revisions to their capital spending plans over the next 12 months, but there was a notable increase in the share of those expecting to roll back investment plans by more than 10%.“

Survey signals growth. From S&P Global’s October Flash U.S. PMI: “October saw business activity continue to grow at an encouragingly solid pace, sustaining the economic upturn that has been recorded in the year to date into the fourth quarter.

The October flash PMI is consistent with GDP growing at an annualized rate of around 2.5%. Demand has also strengthened, as signalled by new order inflows hitting the highest for nearly one-and-a-half years, albeit with both output and sales growth limited to the services economy.”

Keep in mind that during times of perceived stress, soft data tends to be more exaggerated than actual hard data.

Business investment activity ticks higher. Orders for nondefense capital goods excluding aircraft — a.k.a. core capex or business investment — increased 0.5% to a record $74.05 billion in September.

Core capex orders are a leading indicator, meaning they foretell economic activity down the road. While the growth rate has leveled off a bit, they continue to signal economic strength in the months to come.

Most U.S. states are still growing. From the Philly Fed’s September State Coincident Indexes report: "Over the past three months, the indexes increased in 34 states, decreased in 10 states, and remained stable in six, for a three-month diffusion index of 48. Additionally, in the past month, the indexes increased in 36 states, decreased in seven states, and remained stable in seven, for a one-month diffusion index of 58.”

Near-term GDP growth estimates remain positive. The Atlanta Fed’s GDPNow model sees real GDP growth climbing at a 3.3% rate in Q3.

The outlook for the stock market remains favorable, bolstered by expectations for years of earnings growth. And earnings are the most important driver of stock prices.

Demand for goods and services remains positive as the economy continues to grow. At the same time, economic growth has normalized from much hotter levels earlier in the cycle. The economy is less “coiled” these days as major tailwinds like excess job openings have faded.

To be clear: The economy remains very healthy, supported by very healthy consumer and business balance sheets. Job creation remains positive. And the Federal Reserve – having resolved the inflation crisis – has shifted its focus toward supporting the labor market.

Though we’re in an odd period in that the hard economic data has decoupled from the soft sentiment-oriented data. Consumer and business sentiment has been relatively poor, even as tangible consumer and business activity continue to grow and trend at record levels. From an investor’s perspective, what matters is that the hard economic data continues to hold up.

That said, analysts expect the U.S. stock market could outperform the U.S. economy, thanks largely due to positive operating leverage. Since the pandemic, companies have adjusted their cost structures aggressively. This has come with strategic layoffs and investment in new equipment, including hardware powered by AI. These moves are resulting in positive operating leverage, which means a modest amount of sales growth — in the cooling economy — is translating to robust earnings growth.

Of course, this does not mean we should get complacent. There will always be risks to worry about — such as U.S. political uncertainty, geopolitical turmoil, energy price volatility, cyber attacks, etc. There are also the dreaded unknowns. Any of these risks can flare up and spark short-term volatility in the markets.

There’s also the harsh reality that economic recessions and bear markets are developments that all long-term investors should expect to experience as they build wealth in the markets. Always keep your stock market seat belts fastened.

For now, there’s no reason to believe there’ll be a challenge that the economy and the markets won’t be able to overcome over time. The long game remains undefeated, and it’s a streak long-term investors can expect to continue.

A version of this post first appeared on TKer.co